Review of Leadership, Innovation, Economic, and Management
Journal Title : Review of Leadership, Innovation, Economic, and Management Initials : RLIEM Frequency : 4 Issues per year (March, June, September, December) Online ISSN : 3109-8061 Editor in Chief : Dr. Tutik Winarsih DOI : 10.70865/rliem Publisher : CV. Proaksara Global Transeduka Review of Leadership, Innovation, Economic, and Management (RLIEM) is an interdisciplinary publication dedicated to original research and scholarly work in the fields of leadership, innovation, economics, and management. This journal aims to facilitate and promote the dissemination of knowledge and innovative findings to a global audience of researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. The RLIEM provides a platform for critical discussions and advancements in understanding organizational leadership, innovative practices, economic principles, and management strategies, aligning with the pressing global needs for effective organizational development and strategic management. By serving as a forum for research and discourse, the journal plays an essential role in advancing scholarly understanding of strategies that enhance organizational effectiveness while ensuring sustainable growth and innovative practices. The scope of our journal includes: Financial Management Risk Management Investment Management Strategy Entrepreneurship Economics and Business Economic Education Natural Resources and Environmental Economics Manuscripts can be submitted in English and all papers undergo double-blind peer review before being published quarterly (March, June, September, December). e-ISSN : 3109-8061 (online)
An Empirical Study on Career Orientation Intention among Economics Students in Vietnam: A PLS-SEM Approach
Career orientation plays a critical role in shaping students’ career decisions and long-term professional development, particularly for economics students facing increasing labor market uncertainty in emerging economies. This study investigates the factors influencing career orientation among economics students in Vietnam by employing PLS-SEM. Drawing on Social cognitive career theory, the Theory of planned behavior, and Self-determination theory, the proposed model integrates job related characteristics, social influence, and individual psychological factors. Data were collected from 393 economics students in Vietnam and analyzed using SmartPLS 4. The results indicate that person job fit is the strongest determinant of career motivation, while career motivation exerts a significant direct effect on career orientation. Social influence also has a positive and significant impact on career orientation. In contrast, job related factors such as career development opportunities, income expectations, and work environment influence career orientation primarily through the mediating role of career motivation rather than through direct effects. The model demonstrates strong explanatory power, accounting for 75.1% of the variance in career orientation. These findings contribute to career development literature by providing empirical evidence from a developing country context and highlight the importance of aligning job characteristics, social context, and psychological resources in supporting students’ career orientation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bui Thi Quyen, Dao Thi Ha Anh*, Vu Thi Minh Hien, Nguyen Tien Thang, Nguyen Minh Hieu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Store Atmosphere and Service Quality on Customer Loyalty at Fafe Kitchen in West Pasaman Regency
Customer loyalty is a critical determinant of business sustainability and growth in the competitive food and beverage sector. It is often built through strategic factors such as service quality and a well-designed physical environment. This research investigates how Fafe Kitchen's physical environment and quality of service influence patron retention. The investigation focuses on three objectives: (1) assessing how the physical environment impacts patron retention, (2) evaluating how service quality affects patron retention, and (3) determining the joint influence of both factors on patron retention. The research drew from Fafe Kitchen's entire clientele, selecting 74 participants through purposive non-probability sampling based on specific selection criteria. A Likert-scale survey instrument gathered the data, which underwent quantitative analysis. Findings demonstrate that the physical environment significantly and positively impacts patron retention (regression coefficient = 0.659, p = 0.000). Quality of service similarly exhibits a significant positive relationship with patron retention (regression coefficient = 0.200, p = 0.025). When examined together, both variables show a significant positive influence on patron retention (regression coefficient = 137.249, p = 0.000). The determination coefficient indicates these two predictors account for 79.5% of patron retention variance, leaving 20.5% attributable to unexamined variables.
Copyright (c) 2025 Valen Vebianni*, Mai Yuliza, Elondri, Mia Muchia Desda, Roky Apriansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Self-Efficacy and Work Motivation on Employee Performance at PT Anam Koto
This research synopsis examines the relationship between employee confidence in their abilities, their drive to work, and their actual job performance at PT. Anam Koto. Three objectives guided the study: first, to assess how personal efficacy beliefs shape performance outcomes; second, to evaluate how motivational factors influence work results; and third, to determine the combined effect of both elements on employee effectiveness at PT. Anam Koto. The entire workforce of 97 individuals participated in the research through complete enumeration sampling, a method where the entire population serves as the sample group. Measurements relied on Likert-type scaling within a quantitative and relational research framework. Findings indicated that while personal efficacy showed a positive association with performance, this relationship lacked statistical significance (β = 0.817, sig. = 0.416). In contrast, motivational factors produced both a positive and statistically meaningful effect on performance (β = 0.439, t-statistic = 3.539, sig. = 0.001). When examined jointly, these predictors significantly influenced performance (F-statistic = 21.324, sig. = 0.000). Approximately 31.2% of performance variance was accounted for by the model, leaving 67.9% attributable to unmeasured variables.
Copyright (c) 2025 Endarwita*, Mai Yuliza, Elondri, Ria Widhia Sari, Elvi Lastrini, Dini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Corporate Culture at PowerChina Vietnam Limited Company
Corporate culture is considered a key factor that profoundly impacts an organization’s operational efficiency, employee engagement, and the overall capacity for innovation across the enterprise. A positive corporate culture not only shapes how employees behave, interact, and solve problems, but also acts as the adhesive that binds individuals into a strong, unified team working toward common goals. This article adopts a qualitative research approach to analyze and evaluate the corporate culture at PowerChina Vietnam Co., Ltd., a foreign invested enterprise operating in the infrastructure and energy construction sector. Based on Edgar Schein’s three tier model of organizational culture, the article highlights cultural manifestations at three levels: (1) observable artifacts (workspace design, rituals, dress codes, language of communication, and specific cultural symbols); (2) espoused and shared values (the company’s mission, vision, business philosophy, and guiding behavioral principles); and (3) basic underlying assumptions, the deep seated (often unconscious beliefs shaped over the company’s developmental history that influence how members think and act). The study also proposes several practical solutions to strengthen and further develop corporate culture in a positive direction, aligned with the context of international integration and the enterprise’s future needs for sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Phan Khanh Linh, Bui Thi Quyen* https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Talent Retention in the Generation Z Era: A Systematic Literature Review
Generation Z’s entry into the global labor market has created new challenges for human resource management. As a generationdigital nativewith unique characteristics that prioritize work-life balance (work-life balance) and meaningfulness of work, traditional talent retention strategies are no longer adequate to reduce turnover rates.turnover This study aims to synthesize the current literature on the determinants of Generation Z talent retention and map the relationship model between talent management, mediating variables, and their impact on employee loyalty across various industries. This study uses the Systematic Literature Review(SLR) by reviewing 15 selected studies from the period 2020 to 2025. The analysis was conducted by identifying key themes, key variables, and research gaps from various international and national reference sources covering the retail industry, hospitality, digital media, and the public sector. The review results show that Gen Z talent retention is influenced by three main pillars: (1) Psychological Factors, (2) Organizational Factors, and (3) Innovation Factors. Work-life balance (work-life balance) is identified as a fundamental predictor, while employee engagement acts as a crucial mediator linking talent management practices to retention decisions. Theoretically, this study expands the talent management framework by integrating an intergenerational perspective into retention theory. Practically, organizations are advised to adopt more adaptive, transparent, and technology-based strategies to create an inclusive work environment for Gen Z by 2030.
Copyright (c) 2025 SettingsJumiatul Mulya*, Yunia Wardi , Rino https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Vital Records Management as an Intrapreneurial Practice in Supporting Higher Education Reaccreditation
Institutional reaccreditation in 2026 is a strategic agenda for Institut Seni Budaya Indonesia (ISBI) Bandung to maintain governance quality, as mandated by BAN-PT Decree No. 382/SK/BAN-PT/Akred/PT/IV/2021. One of the main challenges in this process is the management of vital records as accreditation evidence, which has been predominantly manual and fragmented across units, resulting in slow document retrieval and incomplete evidence. This study aims to develop an integrated digital vital records management model through the lens of Digital Public Intrapreneurship (DPI), in which the researcher, as administrative staff, initiates an innovation under institutional constraints using a competitive DIPA internal grant. Employing a descriptive qualitative case study design, data were collected through interviews with a BAN-PT assessor, field observations, benchmarking at Universitas Padjadjaran, and testing of a live prototype. The findings show that the Sistem Arsip Vital Digital Terpadu (SAVDT), built on Google Sites integrated with Google Drive and structured according to IAPT 4.0 criteria, reduces document retrieval time by approximately 89% (from four days to 25 minutes) and increases the readiness of accreditation evidence from 51% to 93%. These results indicate that digital vital records management is not merely a technical improvement but a form of intrapreneurial practice by public servants that helps overcome organizational inertia, strengthens institutional accountability, and accelerates digital transformation to support successful higher education accreditation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurullisan Shidqin Aliyya* https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Principals’ Managerial Strategies and School Security in Delta North Senatorial District Public Secondary Schools, Delta State, Nigeria
Growing insecurity in Nigerian schools, marked by frequent attacks by armed groups, has intensified concerns about the safety of students, staff, and surrounding communities. Against this background, the research examined principals’ managerial strategies and their relationship to school security in public secondary schools across Delta North Senatorial District, Delta State, Nigeria. The study was motivated by recurring assaults by herdsmen and gunmen that resulted in loss of lives, destruction of property, displacement, and kidnapping. The objective was to obtain principals’ perspectives on how such threats can be prevented, mitigated, or countered. A correlational research design was used, and data were collected through the Principals’ Managerial Strategies and School Security Questionnaire. From a population of 356 principals and vice principals, a sample of 188 was selected, with 150 valid responses analyzed. Pearson product–moment correlation addressed the research questions, while simple regression tested the hypotheses. Findings revealed strong positive relationships between planning, organizing, and the implementation of security measures with overall school security. The study concluded that effective planning, sound organizational practices, and proactive security measures significantly enhance school safety. It further recommended that principals and vice principals be fully involved in designing and implementing comprehensive security strategies to strengthen the protection of public secondary schools in the district.
Copyright (c) 2025 College Emuoghene Ogodogun*, Ajueyitse Martins Otuedon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Application of the PIECES Framework in Measuring User Satisfaction of the Final Project Management Information System (SIMANTA) in the Business Administration Department
In the era of digital transformation, higher education institutions are increasingly adopting information systems to improve administrative efficiency and service quality for students. This study analyses user satisfaction with the Final Project Management Information System (SIMANTA) in the Business Administration Department of the Malang State Polytechnic using the PIECES Framework. A quantitative descriptive method was applied by distributing questionnaires to 80 final-year students as respondents. The results of the study show that the overall level of user satisfaction is in the SATISFIED category with an average score of 3.92. Analysis per aspect reveals variations in achievement: the Service (4.20) and Information (4.10) aspects are the main strengths of the system, followed by Efficiency (4.00), which is also considered very satisfactory. Meanwhile, the Performance (3.80) and Control & Security (3.90) aspects still need improvement, particularly in terms of system stability during simultaneous access. The Economics aspect (3.50) was recorded as the area with the lowest score that requires special attention. The findings of this study identify that SIMANTA has succeeded in providing user-friendly services and quality information, but improvements are needed in the technical performance and economic value of the system. Based on the analysis results, recommendations for improvement are proposed, focusing on server performance optimisation, security mechanism enhancement, and system economic value optimisation. This research proves the effectiveness of the PIECES Framework as a comprehensive evaluation tool for identifying areas for improvement in information systems, while also providing an empirical basis for the future development of SIMANTA.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatkhur Rochman, Eko Boedhi Santoso, Yulis Nurul Aini*, Erlangga Andi Sukma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Supply Chain Management Analysis of Raw Material Order Fulfillment at Dialoogi Coffee and Bistro Pasuruan City
This study examines supply chain management in fulfilling raw material orders at Dialoogi Coffee and Bistro in Pasuruan City. The objective of this study was to understand how supply chain management plays a role in the culinary industry, which requires efficiency and quality. The method used was descriptive qualitative through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results show efforts to improve efficiency through stock monitoring and a digital ordering system, but challenges remain from demand uncertainty, delivery delays, and raw material quality. Communication between teams is considered important, but responsiveness to urgent needs needs to be improved. The study concluded that improvements in inventory systems, supplier diversification, and quality control are necessary to achieve consistent customer satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aurah Azza Candhara Dewi, Sri Hastari, Nurul Akramiah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Brand Attachment on Brand Loyalty: The Mediating Role of Satisfaction, Trust, and Commitment
This research investigates the influence of Brand Attachment on Brand Loyalty within the context of Indonesian stock and mutual fund investment application users. It examines both the direct impact and the indirect impact mediated by Satisfaction, Trust, and Brand Commitment. A quantitative methodology, specifically Partial Least Square - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), was utilized. Data were gathered from a sample of 250 respondents with a minimum of six months of active experience using investment applications. The findings indicate that Brand Attachment has a significant direct effect on Satisfaction, Trust, Brand Commitment, and Brand Loyalty. Furthermore, Satisfaction, Trust, and particularly Brand Commitment serve as significant mediators in the indirect relationship between Brand Attachment and Brand Loyalty, with the strongest mediation effect observed through Brand Commitment. These results highlight the strategic importance of emotional bonding, emphasizing the need for personalized features, story-driven communication, and responsive user support. The study provides practical insights for fintech companies to design emotionally driven retention strategies that foster long-term brand loyalty.
Copyright (c) 2025 Daman Sudarman* https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managing Workforce Diversity Through Ethical Leadership Practices in Delta State Civil Servants
Workforce diversity has become a central issue in modern public administration, particularly within civil service institutions where inclusivity, equity, and representation are vital to democratic governance. This study examines how ethical leadership practices influence the effective management of workforce diversity in the Delta State Civil Service. Ethical leadership, rooted in principles of fairness, accountability, transparency, and respect, plays a crucial role in fostering an inclusive organizational culture where employees from diverse backgrounds feel valued and motivated. The research investigates the extent to which ethical leadership shapes key organizational processes, including recruitment, team dynamics, conflict resolution, and decision-making, ensuring equitable opportunities for all employees. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys to gather data from civil servants across various ministries and departments in Delta State. The findings highlight that ethical leadership significantly reduces workplace bias, enhances employee morale, and improves overall organizational performance by creating a sense of belonging among staff. Additionally, the study identifies challenges such as resistance to change and institutional barriers that hinder diversity management. The study concludes with practical recommendations for policy reforms, including the implementation of mandatory diversity training, transparent promotion criteria, and leadership development programs to strengthen ethical standards in the Delta State public sector. These measures are essential for fostering a more inclusive, productive, and representative civil service that aligns with global best practices in public administration
Workforce Diversity, Ethical Leadership, Public Administration, Organizational Culture, Delta State Civil Service
Copyright (c) 2025 Kelvin Ofune, Ebo Rosemary A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analytical Study on the Implementation of the Educational Unit Curriculum at State Special School 1 Pagaruyung, Tanah Datar Regency
This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Education Unit Curriculum (KSP) at Special School 1 Pagaruyung, Tanah Datar Regency, focusing on the implementation process, applied strategies, challenges faced, and solutions implemented to improve curriculum effectiveness. The research method used is qualitative with a phenomenological approach, collecting data through observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. The research subjects include the school principal, curriculum development team, and teachers. Data analysis was conducted interactively, involving data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results show that the implementation of KSP at SLB Negeri 1 Pagaruyung has been adapted to the needs of students with special needs, although significant challenges such as limited facilities, teacher competence, and collaboration with parents exist. The strategies implemented include teacher training, curriculum adjustments, and continuous evaluation. This study recommends strengthening teacher training, improving facilities and infrastructure, and encouraging active parent involvement to support the successful implementation of the curriculum.
Copyright (c) 2025 Diva Rahmadani* https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Transformation of Education Quality Culture in the Public Madrasah Ibtidaiyah of Lampung Province
Quality education is not only determined by the curriculum and teaching materials, but also by the quality culture implemented in the madrasah environment. This study aims to explore the implementation of quality culture in State Islamic Madrasas (Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri, MIN) in Lampung Province, with a focus on the leadership role of the madrasah head, the consistency of the implementation of innovative learning strategies by teachers, the involvement of students and parents, and the support of learning facilities. The research method used was descriptive with quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 42 respondents consisting of students, teachers, madrasah principals, and parents, as well as in-depth interviews using Voice Note on WhatsApp. The results showed that the madrasah principal has an important role in promoting a culture of quality, with the majority of respondents agreeing that the madrasah principal is a role model in discipline and the implementation of a culture of quality. Teachers at MIN Lampung are also considered consistent in using innovative learning methods, although there is a need for adjustment to the latest curriculum and ongoing training. The involvement of students and parents in madrasah activities contributes to the establishment of a quality culture, while the learning facilities are also considered supportive of the education process. Regular quality evaluations show that there are continuous efforts to improve the quality of education in the madrasah. This study suggests increasing the synergy between madrasah principals, teachers and parents and improving learning facilities to support a more sustainable culture of quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raden Ayu Mustika Hariyanti*, Refai, Viggy Anggini, Badrudin, Agus Pahrudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Circular Economy Startups: How the Zero Waste Culinary Business Model Creates a Competitive Advantage in the City of Medan
Zero waste business models have become an important part of the circular economy that aims to reduce waste, improve resource efficiency, and support environmental sustainability. The city of Medan, as the center of the culinary industry, faces major challenges related to the surge in food waste and the high use of single-use materials, which have an impact on the sustainability of the restaurant industry. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the application of the zero-waste business model in culinary startups in Medan City and its impact on operational efficiency, financial benefits, and customer preferences. This study uses a mixed-method research approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The data was collected through in-depth interviews with culinary business owners, customer surveys, hands-on observations at zero-waste restaurants, as well as analysis of business documents. NVivo thematic analysis was used to extract insights from interviews, while descriptive statistical analysis and linear regression (SPSS & PLS-SEM) was applied to measure the correlation between zero waste strategies and operational efficiency. The results of the study show that zero-waste-based restaurants have succeeded in reducing waste by up to 70% compared to conventional restaurants. In addition, the zero waste strategy has a significant correlation with improved operational efficiency (r = 0.72, p = 0.001) and financial benefits (r = 0.65, p = 0.003). On the customer side, 68% of respondents are willing to pay more for food from zero-waste based restaurants, with the main factors influencing consumption decisions being environmental awareness (58%), food prices (25%), and food quality (17%). The conclusion of this study emphasizes that the zero-waste business model can improve business competitiveness through operational efficiency and increased customer loyalty. This research also proposes policy strategies that can support zero-waste-based businesses, such as tax incentives, innovations in the supply chain, and the use of digital technology in waste management. These findings provide a foundation for further research in the development of sustainable business models for culinary MSMEs as well as the integration of the circular economy on a wider scale.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aditiya Pratama Daryana*, Amalia Akita, Vina Gabriella https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior Extension Model to Investigate the Purchase Intention of AC Inverter Products
The main objective of this research is to investigate how the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) can be applied to forecast the likelihood of consumers buying AC Inverter products. It investigates the influence of environmental concern, environmental knowledge, attitude toward green product purchase, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control in predicting the purchase intention of AC Inverter products in Indonesia. Using purposive sampling, data from 216 respondents collected through an online questionnaire were analyzed using Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings indicate that caring about the environment and being informed about environmental issues play a key role in shaping attitudes towards buying eco-friendly products, as well as opinions of others and confidence in making sustainable choices. The research also indicates that attitudes towards eco-friendly purchases and social influences impact the desire to buy AC Inverter products. Additionally, factors such as concern for the environment, knowledge about environmental issues, and perception of personal control do not greatly impact the decision to purchase AC Inverter products.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chitra Annisa Ramadhaningtyas*, Vina Gabriella Saragih, Deddy Ray Girsang, M. A. Jaya Damanik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Aligning Business Intelligence Towards Effective Decision-Making of Financial Institutons
This study aims to assess the role of Timeliness & Real-time Analytics (TRA) in enhancing Decision-Making Efficiency (DME), and analyze the effect of User Adoption & Accessibility (UAA) on Decision-Making Efficiency (DME) in selected financial institutions in Delta State, Nigeria. The study uses a quantitative research methodology, with data collected from a sample of 223 employees of selected financial institutions in Delta State, Nigeria.A structured questionnaire was used to gather responses, and data analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and regression analyses, to evaluate the relationships between TRA, UAA, and DME. The findings reveal that both TRA and UAA significantly enhance decision-making efficiency in the financial institutions studied. Specifically, Timeliness & Real-time Analytics (TRA) improves the speed and accuracy of decisions, enabling institutions to respond quickly to market changes. Additionally, high levels of User Adoption & Accessibility (UAA) positively influence decision-making efficiency by ensuring that decision-makers have easy access to relevant data and tools.Based on these findings, the study recommends that financial institutions invest in improving real-time data analytics systems, and prioritize user-friendly BI tools along with comprehensive training programs to increase adoption rates. Financial institutions should also foster a culture that supports data-driven decision-making to enhance the utilization of BI systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Clinton Emmanuella https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Entrepreneurial Resilience and Firm Performance: Perspectives of Small-Scale Poultry Farms in Delta State, Nigeria
Entrepreneurial resilience has become a critical factor in determining the survival and growth of small-scale enterprises, particularly in volatile business environments. This study examined the effect of leveraging entrepreneurial resilience on firm performance among small-scale poultry farms in Delta State, Nigeria. Entrepreneurial resilience is proxied by emotional regulation (ER), and networking and social capital (NSC). A cross-sectional survey research design was employed, and data were collected from 352 poultry farm owners using a structured questionnaire. The study aims to assess how these dimensions contribute to firm performance, using descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression analysis to determine their relative impact. The results reveal that all four dimensions of entrepreneurial resilience significantly influence firm performance. ER (β = 0.352, p < .001) was another key determinant, indicating that poultry farm owners who effectively manage emotions under stress experience better decision-making and improved performance. NSC (β = 0.033, p = .020) had the weakest, yet still significant, impact, suggesting that while social networks and relationships contribute to business success, they are less crucial compared to adaptability and emotional regulation in this context. The study concludes that leveraging entrepreneurial resilience significantly enhances firm performance, particularly through adaptability and emotional regulation. It recommends that poultry farmers should adopt flexible business strategies, cultivate emotional intelligence, and develop perseverance to withstand industry challenges. Policymakers and stakeholders should also create programs to enhance resilience-building skills among entrepreneurs. This research contributes to knowledge by extending the understanding of entrepreneurial resilience in the Nigerian agribusiness sector, particularly within poultry farming.
The Role of Natural Resource and Environmental Economics in Achieving Sustainable Development
Humans will use land, water, and air as natural resources to meet their needs. A few normal assets are inexhaustible, while others are non-sustainable. Because of this, humans are able to meet their daily needs with the limited resources they possess. Quantity and quality are examples of this limitation. Because of this, a nation's highest authority, the government, formulates policies to effectively manage and utilize natural resources. The purpose of this study is to learn more about how the government manages the environment through its policies. A qualitative descriptive analysis method was used in this study. The information that was used in the research comes from relevant previous research or studies. This study found that managing natural resources and the environment in a sustainable manner benefits from fair and firm environmental law enforcement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Firman Saputra*, Gita Nurhalizah Pasaribu, Putri Helena Lahagu, Sri Wulandari Br. Tarigan, Bonaraja Purba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0